AP Chemistry
The advanced placement (AP) Chemistry test examines students' in depth knowledge of AP Chemistry concepts. This course represents college-level chemistry, for which most colleges grant advanced placement and credit.
Course Description:
This course is designed to be the equivalent of general Chemistry course usually taken during the first year of college. For some students, this course is a prerequisite to enable them to register for courses in other fields. For other students, it serves the mandatory science laboratory hours and provides free time for other courses.
The students taking up AP Chemistry should attain a depth of understanding the essentials and a logical aptitude in dealing with chemical problems. The college Chemistry curriculum differs from secondary school Chemistry with respect to the kind of textbook used, the topics covered, the emphasis on chemical calculations and the mathematical formulation of principles, and the kind of laboratory work done by students. Quantitative differences are due to the number of topics covered, the time spent on the course by students and the nature and the variety of experiments done in the laboratory. To develop the requisite intellectual and laboratory skills, AP Chemistry students need a sufficient amount of classroom and laboratory time. In addition, students may need to spend enough time in studying besides the class room learning.
Prerequisites:
Students should complete standard high school Chemistry course and second-year algebra along with a high school physics course before enrolling in AP Chemistry. Surveys of students who take the AP Chemistry Exam indicate that the probability of achieving a grade of 3 or higher is significantly greater for students who successfully complete a first course in high school Chemistry prior to undertaking the AP course. Hence, it is recommended that credit in 1st year high school Chemistry be a pre-requisite for AP Chemistry. There is a Mathematics prerequisite of successful completion of a second-year algebra course. The advanced work in Chemistry should not displace any other part of the student's science curriculum.
The AP Chemistry Exam
The AP Chemistry exam is of three hours duration that includes a 90-minute multiple-choice section and a 95-minute free-response section. The student taking the exam will be provided with a periodic table for both sections of the exam along with a list of commonly used equations and constants for the free-response section. One can use a calculator during the first part of the free-response section. Please note that the multiple-choice section and free-response section are each equally weighted for providing the final exam grade.
Section I: Multiple-Choice
The multiple-choice section contains 75 questions. Since there is variation among AP Chemistry courses, the exam is designed to cover a wider amount of material. Thus, one may come across few topics that are unfamiliar.
Section II: Free-Response
The free-response section is the test of quantitative problem-solving skills, knowledge of chemical reactions, and ability to reason and explain ideas in a logical and consistent manner. This section includes three quantitative problems:
- Writing balanced equations for chemical reactions and answering a short question about each reaction
- Two essay type questions
Also each exam has a laboratory-based question. This question can be in part A in the form of a mathematical problem or as an essay type question in part B.
Topics Covered in AP Chemistry Exam
The AP Chemistry course is intended to be a guide to the level and extent of treatment expected rather than to be a syllabus. The percentage after each major topic implies that the approximate proportion of multiple-choice questions on the exam be relevant to the topic. The AP Chemistry topic outline is as follows:
- Structure of Matter (20%)
- States of Matter (20%)
- Reactions (35-40%)
- Descriptive Chemistry (10-15%)
- Laboratory (5-10%)
- Chemical Calculations
For detailed description of course curriculum,
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Frequently asked questions:
- Students are not permitted to use calculators on the multiple-choice section of the exam.
- Calculators are permitted only for Part A of the free-response section, which tests problem solving skill.
- Most types of scientific, programmable, and graphing calculators can be used if they do not have typewriter-style keyboards.
- Any programmable or graphing calculator may be used for the first 55 minutes, with a few exceptions.
- Students are not required to delete their calculator memories before and after the exam.
- For the last 40 minutes, calculators are not allowed as candidates work on the remaining free-response questions.
- Although most calculators are permitted on the free-response section; calculators may not be shared with others.
- In order to parallel the college Chemistry course, the laboratory program providing at least for 90 minutes of class per week involving experimental observations and data analysis is essential.
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We provide an excellent online learning platform to study from home by using the internet and modern technology. The online Tutors at TransWebTutors.com are highly qualified professionals and well. They undergo several weeks of intensive training and are able to meet international standards of teaching. Our AP online tutors are experts of the concerned subjects, who are specially trained for this purpose. The online tutors at TransWebTutors.com are known for their creativity and understand the importance for development of the notions and simple methods on AP. Furthermore, teaching via practical examples, pictures and clip arts makes it easy to comprehend and remember.
Currently at TransWebTutors.com we offer tutoring for the AP Calculus (AB & BC both), AB Biology, AP Chemistry, and AP Computer Science A, AP Computer Science AB, AP Physics B, AP Physics C, AP Statistics. Other Advanced Placement courses will soon follow.
How do we customize packages for AP Chemistry preparation?
The AP preparation program is fully personalized and can be customized to meet your needs. Based on performance in the diagnostic test and availability, we customize the package for our students. Online tutors at TransWebTutors.com are experts in analyzing the student's weak and strong areas and design the package so that students can master every section. This customized package gives student the feel of comfort and confidence which increases the ability to achieve a high score in the exam. Please review both the fast track and exhaustive packages for AP Chemistry mentioned below for complete idea about the pricing.
AP Chemistry
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Packages *
- Fast Track Course for 50 hrs (Price: $499)
- Exhaustive Course for 100 hrs (Price: $999)
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Fast Track Course
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The duration for this course is 50 hrs. It covers each section intensively
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Free
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Diagnostic test
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Free
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Discussions based on the diagnostic test and choosing strong and weak areas
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0.5 hours
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Atomic theory
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Evidence for atomic theory
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1.0 hours
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Atomic theory
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Atomic mass determination
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0.5 hours
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Atomic theory
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Atomic number and mass number; isotopes
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1.0 hours
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Atomic theory
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Electron energy levels
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1.0 hours
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Atomic theory
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Periodic relationships
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1.0 hours
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Chemical Bonding
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Binding forces
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1.0 hours
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Chemical Binding
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Molecular models
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1.0 hours
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Chemical Binding
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Geometry of molecules and ions, isomerism
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1.0 hours
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Chemical Binding
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Dipole moments of molecules, structural properties
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2.0 hours
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Nuclear Chemistry
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Nuclear equations, half lives and radioactivity
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1.0 hours
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Nuclear Chemistry
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Chemical applications
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1.0 hours
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Gases
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Laws of ideal gases
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2.0 hours
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Gases
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Kinetic molecular theory
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0.5 hours
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Liquids and solids
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Liquids and solids from kinetic-molecular view point
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1.0 hours
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Liquids and solids
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Avogadro's hypothesis and mole concept
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0.5 hours
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Liquids and solids
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Kinetic energy dependency on temperature
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0.5 hours
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Liquids and solids
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Deviations from ideal gas law
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0.5 hour
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Solutions
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Types of solutions and factors affecting solubility
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2.0 hours
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Solutions
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Methods of expressing concentration
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1.0 hours
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Solutions
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Raoult's law and colligative properties; osmosis
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0.5 hours
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Solutions
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Non-ideal behavior
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0.5 hours
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Reaction types
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Acid-base reactions
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2.0 hours
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Reaction types
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concepts of Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowery and Lewis
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1.0 hours
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Reaction types
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Coordination complexes; amphoterism
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0.5 hours
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Reaction types
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Precipitation reactions
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1.0 hours
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Reaction types
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Oxidation-reduction reactions
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0.5 hours
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Electrochemistry
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Electrolytic and galvanic cells; Faraday's laws
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0.5 hours
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Electrochemistry
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Half-cell potentials; Nernest equation
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0.5 hours
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Electrochemistry
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Prediction of the direction of redox reactions
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1.0 hours
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Stoichiometry
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Ionic and molecular species present in chemical systems
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0.5 hours
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Stoichiometry
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Balancing of equations including those of redox reactions
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1.0 hours
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Stoichiometry
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Mass and volume relations; limiting reactants
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1.0 hours
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Equilibrium
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Concept of dynamic equilibrium; Le-Chatelier's principle
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2.5 hours
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Equilibrium
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Quantitative treatment
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0.5 hours
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Kinetics
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Rate of reaction
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1.0 hours
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Kinetics
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Reaction order, rate constants and reaction rate laws
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0.5 hours
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Kinetics
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Effect of temperature change on rates
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1.0 hours
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Kinetics
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Energy activation; the role of catalysts
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1.0 hours
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Kinetics
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Rate determining step and mechanism relationship
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0.5 hours
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Thermodynamics
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State functions
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1.5 hours
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Thermodynamics
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First law and associated concepts
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1.5 hours
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Thermodynamics
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Second law and associated concepts
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0.5 hours
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Thermodynamics
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Free energy change, equilibrium constants and potentials
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1.0 hours
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Periodic table
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Alkali metals
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1.0 hours
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Periodic table
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Alkaline earth metals
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1.0 hours
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Periodic table
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Halogens
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1.0 hours
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Periodic table
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First series of transition elements
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1.0 hours
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Organic chemistry
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Hydrocarbons and functional groups
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1.0 hours
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Organic chemistry
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Structure and chemical bonding in organic compounds
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1.0 hours
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Organic chemistry
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Properties of simple organic compounds
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1.0 hours
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Organic chemistry
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Isomerism
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1.0 hours
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Over all discussion
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Free
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Final Assessment Test
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Free
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Detailed discussion on the attempt of AP Chemistry Exam
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Exhaustive Course
The duration for Exhaustive course for AP Chemistry preparation in different topics is given below. There is an exhaustive coverage of each and every topic and sub-topic.
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Diagnostic Test and Discussion (Free)
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A. Structure of Matter (20%)
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1. Atomic theory and atomic structure ( 7 hours)
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- Evidence for the atomic theory
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- Atomic masses; determination by chemical and physical means
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- Atomic number and mass number; isotopes
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- Electron energy levels: atomic spectra, quantum numbers, atomic orbitals
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- Periodic relationships including, for example, atomic radii, ionization energies, electron affinities, oxidation states
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2. Chemical bonding ( 7 hours)
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- a. Types: ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals (including London dispersion forces)
- b. Relationships to states, structure, and properties of matter
- c. Polarity of bonds, electro negativities
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a. Lewis structures
- b. Valence bond: hybridization of orbitals, resonance, sigma and pi bonds
- c. VSEPR
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- Geometry of molecules and ions, structural isomerism of simple organic molecules and coordination complexes; dipole moments of molecules; relation of properties to structure
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1st Revision (2 hours)
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3. Nuclear chemistry: nuclear equations, half-lives, and radioactivity; chemical applications (5 hours)
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B. States of Matter (20%)
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1. Gases (5 hours)
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- a. Equation of state for an ideal gas
- b. Partial pressures
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a. Interpretation of ideal gas laws on the basis of this theory
- b. Avogadro's hypothesis and the mole concept
- c. Dependence of kinetic energy of molecules on temperature
- d. Deviations from ideal gas laws
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2. Liquids and solids (5 hours)
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- Liquids and solids from the kinetic-molecular viewpoint
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- Phase diagrams of one-component systems
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- Changes of state, including critical points and triple points
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- Structure of solids; lattice energies
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3. Solutions (7 hours)
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- Types of solutions and factors affecting solubility
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- Methods of expressing concentration (The use of normalities is not tested.)
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- Raoult's law and colligative properties (nonvolatile solutes); osmosis
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- Non-ideal behavior (qualitative aspects)
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2nd Revision (2 hours)
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C. Reactions (35-40%)
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1. Reaction types (7 hours)
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- Acid-base reactions; concepts of Arrhenius, Brönsted-Lowry, and Lewis; coordination complexes; Amphoterism
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- Oxidation-reduction reactions
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- a. Oxidation number
- b. The role of the electron in oxidation-reduction
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2. Electrochemistry: electrolytic and galvanic cells; Faraday's laws; standard half-cell potentials; Nernst equation; prediction of the direction of redox reactions (4 hours)
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3. Stoichiometry (4 hours)
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- Ionic and molecular species present in chemical systems: net ionic equations
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- Balancing of equations including those for redox reactions
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- Mass and volume relations with emphasis on the mole concept, including empirical formulas and limiting reactants
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4. Equilibrium (8 hours)
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- Concept of dynamic equilibrium, physical and chemical; Le Chatelier's principle; equilibrium constants
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- a. Equilibrium constants for gaseous reactions: Kp, Kc
- b. Equilibrium constants for reactions in solution
- Constants for acids and bases; pK; pH
- Solubility product constants and their application to precipitation and the dissolution of slightly soluble compounds
- Common ion effect; buffers; hydrolysis
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3rd Revision (2 hours)
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5. Kinetics (7 hours)
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- Concept of rate of reaction
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- Use of experimental data and graphical analysis to determine reactant order, rate constants, and reaction rate laws
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- Effect of temperature change on rates
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- Energy of activation; the role of catalysts
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- The relationship between the rate-determining step and a mechanism
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6. Thermodynamics (7 hours)
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- First law: change in enthalpy; heat of formation; heat of reaction; Hess's law; heats of vaporization and fusion; calorimetry
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- Second law: entropy; free energy of formation; free energy of reaction; dependence of change in free energy on enthalpy and entropy changes
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- Relationship of change in free energy to equilibrium constants and electrode potentials
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4th Revision (2 hours)
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D. Descriptive Chemistry (10-15%)
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1. Chemical reactivity and products of chemical reactions
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2. Relationships in the periodic table: horizontal, vertical, and diagonal : alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, and the first series of transition elements (6 hours)
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3. Introduction to organic chemistry (5 Hours)
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- Hydrocarbons and functional groups (structure, nomenclature, chemical properties).
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- Physical and chemical properties of simple organic compounds
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- equilibria involving weak acids
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- stoichiometric determinations of empirical and molecular formulas
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E. Laboratory (5-10%) (2 Hours)
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F. Chemical Calculations (4 Hours)
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1. Percentage composition
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2. Empirical and molecular formulas from experimental data
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3. Molar masses from gas density, freezing-point, and boiling-point measurements
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4. Gas laws, including the ideal gas law, Dalton's law, and Graham's law
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5. Stoichiometric relations using the concept of the mole; titration calculations
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6. Mole fractions; molar and molal solutions
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7. Faraday's law of electrolysis
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8. Equilibrium constants and their applications, including their use for simultaneous equilibria
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9. Standard electrode potentials and their use; Nernst equation
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10. Thermodynamic and thermo-chemical calculations
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11. Kinetics calculations
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The AP Chemistry Exam includes some questions based on the experiences and skills of the students acquired in the laboratory. For example, observations of chemical reactions and substances, recording of data, calculating and interpreting results based on the quantitative data obtained and communicating effectively the results of the experimental works. For this purpose, few questions are discussed in this part of preparation to provide the student a general guideline for the exam.
Over all Revision (2 hours)
Final Test and Discussion (Free)