Electrons free and bound

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Physics Electron in Potential Well Electrons free and bound

	Electrons free and bound
	The total energy of the electron moving in a particular orbit is negative. This implies the fact that the electron is bound to the nucleus. If E were positive, an electron will not follow a closed orbit around the nucleus. In particular foe Hydrogen atom, the kinetic energy (K) and electrostatic potential energy (U) of the electron in hydrogen atom are (The negative sign in U signifies that the electrostatic force is in the –r direction.) Thus the total energy E of the electron in a hydrogen atom is An electron trapped in a potential well: It is shown that for electrons trapped in a static potential a finite-amplitude frequency- modulated wave induces stochastic motions (and diffusion) in electron orbits over a significantly larger area of phase space than a single frequency wave of the same amplitude. The wavelength of the frequency-modulated fields is unimportant if it is greater than twice the width of the static potential. It is proposed that this be used for pumping of mirror trapped electrons to enhance the confining potential in a tandem mirror cell. Mono- energetic electron plasma is trapped in a one-dimensional parabolic potential well. In the undisturbed state a suitable background charge provides space-charge neutrality.